Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

Air pollution represents the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death globally, accounting for approximately seven million deaths annually. This review examines the definition, sources, types, and health effects of air pollution, with particular emphasis on cardiopulmonary and respiratory manifestations. We analyze the major pollutants including particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and lead, along with their respective sources. The distinction between reducing smog and photochemical smog is discussed, followed by detailed analysis of both acute and chronic health effects. Respiratory consequences including obstructive airway disease exacerbations, malignancies, and reduced lung function are highlighted. Community-oriented and personal control strategies, including the Air Quality Index (AQI) as a monitoring tool, are reviewed. This article provides a comprehensive framework for understanding air pollution's pathophysiological mechanisms and implementing evidence-based mitigation strategies.